Inani leenani

Ngokwimodeli ye-athomu kaNiels Bohr, iiproton kunye neetronon zeathom zikwi-nucleus, ngelixa ii-elektronon zijikeleze yona. Nangona singenokwazi ukuba iphi i-electron ngokuchanekileyo, kukho iindawo apho kunokwenzeka ukuba zifumaneke khona, ii-atomic orbitals. Singazijonga njani ezi orbitals? Kulula kakhulu, usebenzisa amanani amanani.

amanani amanani

Athini amanani amanani?

Kukho amanani ama-4 amanani. Abathathu kubo basinika ulwazi malunga nokuba i-electron ye-athomu ethile ikuphi, oko kukuthi, basinika ulwazi malunga ne-orbital. Kwelinye icala, inani lesine le-quantum alisixeleli ukuba iphi i-electron, kodwa njani. Ngaba awukacaci ngoku? Ziphose kuyo!

  • Inombolo yenqununu yenqununu (n). Inqanaba lokugqibela lamandla ukuzalisa kwaye libonise ubungakanani be-orbital kwaye ke umgama phakathi kwenucleus kunye ne-electron. Ngoba? Kulula kakhulu. Okukhulu kwe-orbital, kokukhona i-electron inokuba ivela kwi-nucleus ye-athomu.
  • Inombolo ye-Azimuthal okanye yesibini (l). Chaza ubume be-orbital.
  • Inombolo yeMagnetic quantum (m). Ibonisa ukuqhelaniswa kwe-orbital.
  • Spin inombolo yobungakanani (s). Xelela ukuba yeyiphi indlela i-electron ejikelezayo.

Kulula ngoku? Masihambe nento ebalulekileyo!

Afumaneka njani amanani amanani

Ukufumana amanani e-quantum kufuneka ulandele amanyathelo ama-2 alula:

  1. Bhala ubumbeko lwe-electron.
  2. Fumana amanani amanani kwi-electron eyahlukileyo (eyokugqibela egcwalisa i-orbital).

Uqwalaselo lombane

Siqala ngenqanaba loku-1, bhala uqwalaselo lwe-electron. Njani? Zimbini iindlela zokwenza loo nto, masifike kuyo!

Umzobo weMoeller

Obu buchule bubonisa indlela yokugcwalisa ii-orbitals ngalo mzobo ulandelayo:

Umzobo we moeller

Lo mzobo ulawulwa ngumgaqo we-Aufbau, okhusela ukuba ii-orbitals zigcwalisa ukwanda kwamandla, oko kukuthi, i-orbital enamandla amancinci iya kugcwalisa kwangoko.

Ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi i-orbital enamandla, ukusebenza n + l kuyenziwa. Ukuba olu tyando lweeathom ezimbini ezahlukeneyo lubangela inani elifanayo, lowo inani lakhe liphezulu uya kuba namandla angaphezulu. Ngamanye amagama, kwimeko yethayi, elona linani liphantsi n ligcwaliswe kuqala. Masibone ngomzekelo:

4p: n + l -> 4 + 1 = 5

5s: n + l -> 5 + 0 = 5

Kuba kukho iqhina kumgaqo n + l, igcwalisa i-4p ngaphambili kuba inani layo n lisezantsi.

Umzekelo weKernel

Ukufumana ubumbeko lwe-elektroniki kulandela le modeli kufuneka uyazi itheyibhile yamaxesha kakuhle. Ukuba sinenombolo yeatom kunye nokuma kwendawo kwitafile, sisiqwenga sekhekhe!

Imodeli yekernel

Le ndlela ithathwa njengendlela elula kuba ivumela ukungabhali ubumbeko olupheleleyo lwe-elektron. Ngale ndlela, sinokubhala igama lezinto zegesi ezintle apha ngasentla kwizibiyeli, kwaye emva koko indlela esuka kuloo gesi intle iye kwinto ekuthethwa ngayo. Masibone umzekelo:Yiyo loo nto ke siza kubhala umkhondo we-trajectory sithathela ingqalelo inani lexesha (umqolo wetheyibhile yamaxesha) kunye ne "zone" kwaye, nje ukuba ubumbeko lombane lubhaliwe, siya kukhupha amanani e-quantum.

I-phosphor (P) iya kubhalwa kwi-gesi efanelekileyo yangaphambili, oko kukuthi, iNeon:

P -> [Ne] 3s23p3

Ewe kufuneka uyilumkele le ndlela, kuba imimandla d kunye f yimimandla ekhethekileyo. Njengoko sisenza uhambo, kwindawo d asizukubeka inani lexesha (umqolo), kodwa inani lexesha thabatha elinye. Kuyafana nendawo F, asizukubeka inani lexesha, kodwa inani lexesha thabatha isibini. Uya kuyiqonda ngcono ngemizekelo embalwa:

I-Nb -> [Kr] ii-514d4

Nangona ikwixesha lesi-5, xa sikummandla we-d, sithatha u-1.

Nd -> [Xe] 6s24f14

Nangona ikwixesha lesi-6, xa sikummandla f, sithatha u-2.

Ukwahluka kuqwalaselo lwe-elektroniki

Uqwalaselo lwe-electron lunezinto ezithile ezizodwa, ukuba awuzazi, zingakhokelela kubaxhasi abakhulu beentloko. Kodwa musa ukusasaza! Siza kukuxelela!

Umda F

UZone F ubonakala ezantsi kwetafile yamaxesha, kodwa eneneni "ibethelelwe" kwisithuba esisibona mhlophe, oko kukuthi, phakathi kwezinto zokuqala nezesibini kwimiqolo emibini yokugqibela yommandla D.

ummandla f

Uyayibona? Ngesi sizathu, ngamanye amaxesha, xa kufuneka sibhale ubumbeko lwe-elektroniki lwento kummandla we-F, umzekelo, Nd, kuyakufuneka sibeke i-electron kwindawo ye-D yenqanaba elihambelanayo ngokubhekisele kwinto leyo kummandla we-D oko kukuthi ngaphambi kokungena kummandla F.

Ce -> [Xe] 6s25d14f1

Iqela 6 kunye neQela 11

Iqela 6 kunye neqela 11 lezinyithi zenguqu zinee-elektroni ezi-4 nezili-9 kwiigobolondo zazo zokugqibela, ngokulandelelana. Ke ngoko, ukuze ube yinto ezinzileyo ngakumbi, i-orbital s iyavuya kwaye ilahle i-electron, edlula kwi-orbital elandelayo, d. Ngale ndlela, i-orbital s iya kushiyeka ine-elektroni; kunye no-5, ukuba yinto yeqela lesi-6, okanye ngo-10, ukuba yinto yeqela le-11.

Nanku umzekelo:

Ag -> [Kr] ii-524d9

Kuyabonakala ukuba, oku kuya kuba sisimo se-elektroniki sesilivere (Ag). Nangona kunjalo, ukuphulukana ne-electron kwi-orbital s, kujongeka njengoku:

Ag -> [Kr] ii-514d10

Nangona kunjalo, kukho okwahlukileyo kulo mthetho, njengeTungsten (iqela lesi-6), elishiyeke nee-elektroni ezi-2 kwi-s orbital kunye ne-4 kwi-d orbital.

Kodwa ungakhathazeki! Ezona ziqhelekileyo (iCr, Cu, Ag kunye neAu) zilandela lo mthetho.

Ngaba uyayifumana? Kulungile. Yiyo yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokucwangciswa kwe-elektron. Masihambe ngamanani amanani!

Uwafumana njani amanani amanani

Ukuze ufumane amanani e-quantum, kufuneka sazi ukuba zingaphi ii-elektronon ezilinganayo kwiqokobhe ngalinye le-orbital, sithathela ingqalelo ukuba ii-elektroni ezi-2 zilingana kwi-orbital.

  • Uluhlu lwe s. Ine-orbital enye kuphela, ke inokubamba ii-elektroni ezi-2.

ikapa s

  • Uluhlu lwep. Inee-orbitals ezi-3, ke kukho indawo yee-elektroni ezi-6.

maleko p

  • Ulwaleko d. Inee-orbitals ezi-5, ke iyakwazi ukubamba ii-elektroni ezili-10.

maleko d

  • Ulwaleko f. Ineeokili ezi-7, oko kukuthi, inokubamba ii-elektroni ezili-14.

umaleko f

Ngoku ukuba uyaqonda ukuba kukho ii-elektroni ezi-2 kwi-orbital nganye, kuya kufuneka uyazi umthetho kaHund. Lo mthetho uthi xa kuzaliswa ii-orbital ze-sublevel efanayo okanye iqokobhe, umzekelo, i-p shell, ii-elektroni zigcwalisa i-orbital kwicala elinye (elihle) kwaye kwelinye (elibi). Ngaba uyafuna ukuyibona ngomzekelo?

Ukuba sine-2p4Oko kukuthi, i-2p orbital ene-elektroni ezi-4, ayizukugcwalisa ngoluhlobo:

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 1

Iya kugcwalisa ngoluhlobo:

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 2

Ngaba uyayifumana? Mkhulu, masibone indlela yokubala amanani:

  • Inombolo yeQuantum n. Eli nani lihambelana nenani lokugqibela loqwalaselo lwe-electron. Umzekelo, ukuba ubumbeko lwe-electron luphela nge-4s2inani eliyintloko lobungakanani liya kuba ngu-4.
  • Inombolo yesixa l. Eli nani lixhomekeke kumaleko wokugqibela ogcwalisiweyo.
  • Uluhlu s -> l = 0
  • Uluhlu p -> l = 1
  • Uluhlu d -> l = 2
  • Ulwaleko f -> l = 3
  • Inani le-Quantum m. Inani m linokuba naliphi na ixabiso phakathi -l ukuya ku + l, ke kuyakuxhomekeka kwiseli apho i-elektroni eyahlukileyo ikhoyo, oko kukuthi, nokuba ngu-s, p, d okanye f. Indlela yokubala eli nani inzima ngakumbi, masiyibone ngemizobo embalwa:
  • Ubeko s -> Njengoko sele sibonile, i l kufanelekile ukuba ngu-0, ke i-m inokubaluleka kuphela nge-0.
  • Ubeko p -> I l kufanelekile ukuba ibe ngu-1, ke u-m unokuba ngu -1, 0 okanye 1.

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 3

  • Ulwaleko d -> l ngu-2, ke u-m unokuba ngu--2, -1, 0, 1 no-2.

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 4

  • Umaleko f -> l ufanele u-3, ngoko ke u-m unokuba ngu -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 no-3.

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 5

Sele uyayazi indlela ezigcwaliswa ngayo ii-orbitals, ke inani le-quantum m liya kuba nexabiso lomngxunya apho i-electron yokugqibela ikhutshiwe khona. Uyawukhumbula lo mzekelo ngaphambili?:

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 6

Kule meko, i-m iya kuba -1, kuba kwiqokobhe le-p (ii-orbitals ezi-3), ukuba kukho ii-elektroni ezi-4, eyokugqibela ukuyigcwalisa iya kuba sisiphoso se-orbital yokuqala.

  • Inombolo ye-Quantum s. Inani elizii-quantum s linokubaluleka kuphela ngo-½ no -½. Ukuba i-electron yokugqibela ityaliwe, oko kukuthi, utolo luphezulu, i-s izakuba ngu-½. Kwelinye icala, ukuba i-electron yokugqibela ezalise i-orbital ayilunganga, Oko kukuthi, utolo olukhombe ezantsi, i-s iya kuba -½.

Ukuzivocavoca kunye nemizekelo

Ewe, sele siyazi ukuba konke oku kuninzi ulwazi, kodwa uya kuluqonda ngcono ngemizekelo ethile. Naku sisiya!

Umzekelo we1

I-Selenium (Se) -> Inombolo ye-athomu: 34

  1. Sibhala ubumbeko lwe-electron. Sibhala ubumbeko lwe-elektroni ngokomzobo weMoeller, sithathela ingqalelo ukuba ii-s, p, d kunye ne-f orbitals zinee-elektroniki ezi-2, 6, 10 no-14 ngokwahlukeneyo. Sibhala ubumbeko ngokongeza inani lee-elektroni, elibhalwe njenge-exponent.

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4

Njengoko i-4p orbital ingagcwalisi, kuba ii-elektroni zingadibanisa ukuya kuma-36, asiyibeki i-4p6kodwa 4p4.

  1. Sikhupha amanani e-quantum. Ukwenza oku, sijonga i-valence okanye i-electron eyahlukileyo, oko kukuthi, i-electron yokugqibela ezalise i-orbital. Kule meko, siza kujonga kwi-4p4.
    • Inombolo yenqununu yenqununu. Inqanaba lamandla lokugqibela lokugcwalisa yayiyi-4.

n = 4

  • Inombolo yesibini yesibini. Amandla okugqibela okugcwalisa yayiyi-p orbital.

l = 1

  • Inombolo yeMagnetic quantum. Ukuba sizobe ii-elektroni, okokugqibela ukugcwalisa kuya kuba yinto yokuqala ye-p shell.

imizekelo amanani e-quantum 7

m = -1

  • Spin inombolo yobungakanani. I-electron yokugqibela eya kuhlala kwi-p orbital ine-arrow esezantsi.

s = -½

Umzekelo we2

Igolide (Au) -> [Xe] 6s14f145d10

  • Inombolo yenqununu yenombolo -> n = 5
  • Inombolo yesibini yesibini -> l = 2
  • Inombolo yeMagnetic quantum -> m = 2
  • Jonga inani le-quantum -> s = -½

Kwaye konke oko! Ngoku lithuba lakho, ngaba unokwenza ubumbeko lwe-elektroniki kwaye ufumane amanani e-quantum yezi zinto zilandelayo?

Cr(24), Rb(37), Br(35), Lu(71), Au(79)

Shiya amazwana