Umthendeleko wezithixo ngumzobo wobugcisa weRenaissance weItali owenziwe ngumzobi weFlorentine uSandro Botticelli phakathi kuka-1482 kunye no-1483. Ibekwe kwiGalari yaseUffizi eFlorence, eItali. Ipeyintwe ngeoli kwiseyile kwaye ilinganisa malunga neemitha ezi-5 nge-3 yeemitha. Umsebenzi umele isiqendu sombongo we-Epic Odyssey, obhalwe nguHomer ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C., echaza isidlo esenziwa ngoothixo abangafiyo ukuze babhiyozele ukoyisa kuka-Achilles uTroy.
Kulo msebenzi, oothixo banokubonwa behlanganisene kwisidlo esikhulu e-Olympus, behleli kwiitrone zegolide kwaye bejikelezwe ngamakholomu anqabileyo kunye nee-arches. Abalinganiswa abaphambili baquka uZeyus (uyise wabo bonke oothixo), uHera (umfazi kaZeyus), uPoseidon (uthixo wolwandle), noAphrodite (uthixokazi wothando). Imvelaphi yenziwe ngeendawo zendalo ezifana neentaba, imilambo kunye namahlathi ajikeleze i-Olympus. Lo mzobo unamanani ahlukeneyo asentsomini anje ngecentaurs, mermaids, kunye nehashe elinamaphiko iPegasus elibhabha ngaphezulu kwamafu.
UMthendeleko wezithixo uthathwa njengomzekelo ogqibeleleyo wesitayile sobugcisa seRenaissance yaseItali ephawulwa ngobunyani bayo obuneenkcukacha, imibala eqaqambileyo, kunye nokwakheka okulinganayo. Izaliswe sisimboli senkolo kunye nembali ebonisa inkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike kunye neenkolelo zobuKristu zamandulo zaseYurophu. Umsebenzi uye waba ngumqondiso weFlorence kangangeenkulungwane ngenxa yobuhle bayo obukhethekileyo kunye nobuhle obungenasiphelo obuye waphefumlela izizukulwana ezilandelayo ukuya namhlanje.
Isishwankathelo
Umthendeleko woothixo sisithethe samaNorse esisuka kumaxesha amandulo. Lo mbhiyozo wawusenzelwa ukuzukisa izithixo nokucela iintsikelelo zabo. Esi sidlo yayiquka isidlo ekwakukho kuso bonke oothixo, kuquka iindwendwe ezingabantu. Ebudeni besidlo, iindwendwe zazinandipha ukutya neziselo, umculo nomngqungqo, kwanokubalisa amabali nokuphana izipho.
Ngexesha loMthendeleko woothixo, izithethe ezingcwele zazisenziwa ukuze kuhlonelwe oothixo nokucela iintsikelelo zabo. Le misitho yayiquka iminikelo yokutya neyeziselo, imibingelelo yezilwanyana okanye yabantu, imithandazo nezibongozo zemilingo. Maxa wambi imidlalo okanye ukhuphiswano lwalubanjwa phakathi kwabazimasi ukuze babone ukuba ngubani oyena ubalaseleyo kuqeqesho ngalunye.
Umthendeleko woothixo yayisisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yamaNorse njengoko imele unxibelelwano phakathi kwehlabathi elingcwele kunye nabantu. Oothixo babehlonitshwa ngenxa yamandla nobulumko babo, ngoxa abantu babefumana iintsikelelo zabo ukuze baphumelele ebomini babo basemhlabeni. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kokomoya kwesi siganeko, yayilithuba lokudibana nosapho kunye nabahlobo abakude kunye nokutshintshiselana ngeendaba malunga noko kwenzekayo kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi leNordic.
Obona balinganiswa
Umthendeleko woothixo lelinye lamabali adumileyo kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Eli bali lisixelela ngokufika kothixo uOdin kunye namaqabane akhe endlwini yengxilimbela yaseBaugi, befuna isidlo soothixo.
U-Baugi wayengumninawa omncinci we-giant Suttung, owayebile i-mead engcwele equlethe lonke ulwazi nobulumko emhlabeni. U-Odin wafumanisa ngale nto kwaye wagqiba ekubeni ahambe ayikhuphele oothixo. Ukufika kwabo kwaBaugi, wabenzela isidlo njengomvuzo woncedo lwabo ekufumaneni isidlo esingcwele.
Oothixo bahlala bejikeleze itafile baza baqalisa ukutya nokusela de akwasala nto etafileni. Ukutya kwakuquka inyama egcadiweyo, izonka eziswiti, iziqhamo ezitsha, iwayini enencasa, nebhiya eyomeleleyo. Emva kokuba betyile, abo thixo baneliseka kangangokuba bagqiba kwelokuba bahlale apho iintsuku ezintathu ukuze babhiyozele impumelelo yabo ekubuyiseleni loo mead koothixo. Ngeli xesha bacula iingoma zamandulo bedumisa u-Odin ngomsebenzi wakhe kwaye bencoma impumelelo yakhe ngeebhotile ezizaliswe kwiwayini okanye utywala obunamandla. Ekupheleni kwezi ntsuku zintathu babuyela ngoloyiso e-Asgard kunye ne-mead engcwele elugcinweni lwabo.
Umthendeleko wezithixo libali elibalulekileyo kwiintsomi zaseNorse njengoko lisibonisa indlela u-Odin aye wakwazi ngayo ukufezekisa into engenakucingelwa: yeba i-mead engcwele exabisekileyo kwi-giant Suttung ngaphandle kokufunyanwa okanye ukulahlekelwa kwindlela eya e-Asgard. Eli bali likwasibonisa indlela ekwakubaluleke ngayo ukuba amaNorsemen amandulo abhiyozele impumelelo yawo ngamatheko amakhulu azaliswe kukutya okumnandi, isiselo esimnandi kunye neengoma zamandulo ezaziculwa phakathi kwabahlobo ukuhlonipha abo benza loo nto inokwenzeka.
oothixo abangenelelayo
Umthendeleko wezithixo ngomnye wemibhiyozo ephambili kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Lo ngumsitho waminyaka le apho izithixo zidibana ukuze zabele ukutya neziselo, nokubalisa amabali nokucula iingoma. Eli qela libhiyozelwa kwiholo laseValhalla, indawo apho amaqhawe awela khona edabini athathwa yiValkyries.
Oothixo abakhulu abathatha inxaxheba kuMthendeleko nguOdin, uThor, uFreya kunye noHeimdall. Kukho nabanye oothixo abancinci abakhoyo abafana noLoki, uBragi noIdun. Ngexesha lombhiyozo, ngamnye kubo wabelana ngezinto zabo nezinye iindwendwe ngelixa besonwabela ukutya kunye nesiselo esinikwa nguFreyja kunye noHeimdall. Iindwendwe zikonwabela ukonwatyiswa okubonelelwa nguBragi, odlala uhadi lwakhe lomlingo kwaye enze iingoma zakudala malunga nokufika koothixo baseNorse.
Ukongeza kukuzonwabisa komculo okubonelelwa nguBragi ngexesha lomthendeleko, kukho nemidlalo eyonwabisayo enokuthi wonke umntu ayonwabele kunye. Ezi ziquka imidlalo efana nokuphosa isando (Thor), iintlanga (Odin), kunye nemincintiswano yeembongo (Bragi). Ekupheleni kwetheko, wonke umntu uthi ndlela-ntle ngesiqhumiso esimnandi phambi kokuba abuyele kumakhaya abo ukulungiselela omnye umbhiyozo omkhulu kunyaka olandelayo.
Imixholo ephambili igutyungelwe
Umthendeleko woothixo ngumbhiyozo wamandulo kunye nentsomi owaqala emva kwiintsomi zamaNorse. Sisidlo esingcwele apho izithixo zihlangana ndawonye ukuze zabele ukutya, iziselo nokuzonwabisa. Isidlo sachazwa okokuqala kwi-Edda Poem, ingqokelela yemibongo yaseScandinavia ebhalwe phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane.
Ngokwentsomi, uMthendeleko woothixo wenziwa e-Asgard, isixeko sasezulwini apho kwakuhlala oothixo baseNorse. Iindwendwe zazibandakanya bonke oothixo abakhulu be-pantheon yaseNorse: u-Odin, uThor, uFreya noLoki phakathi kwabanye. Esi sidlo sasiqhutywa nguFreyja, uthixokazi wothando nokuchuma. Ebudeni besidlo, kwakuphakwa izibiliboco ezifana nenyama yehagu yasendle nesosi eqholiweyo nesonka esisandul’ ukubhakwa ngomgubo ocolekileyo. Esona siselo sasithandwa kakhulu yimead (umxube wamanzi nobusi obubilisiweyo).
Ukongeza kwisidlo esimnandi, kwakukho imisebenzi emininzi yokuzonwabisa ngexesha lomthendeleko. Oothixo babedlala imidlalo efana namadayisi okanye amakhadi; bavuma iingoma; bangqungqa bejikeleza umlilo; babebalisa amabali bade benze imingeni engokwasemzimbeni njengokujijisana okanye ugqatso lokubaleka. Le misebenzi yanceda ukugcina umoya wokhuphiswano uphila phakathi kwabo kwaye yabavumela ukuba baphumle emva kosuku olude besebenza ukugcina ucwangco e-Asgard.
UMthendeleko wezithixo luphawu olubalulekileyo lwenkcubeko ngaphakathi kwintsomi yamaNorse njengoko imele umbono ophambili emva kwembono yeViking: ukwabelana ngokutya okulungileyo nabahlobo abalungileyo ngelixa sibhiyozela ubomi kunye. Esi siko sisahlonitshwa nanamhlanje ngexesha lemibhiyozo yanamhlanje efana nemitshato okanye iindibano zentsapho apho kutyiwa izitya zesintu kunye neziselo ezinxilisayo ukuze kukhunjulwe eli siko lamandulo lobuhedeni.
