Izinombolo ze-Quantum

Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-athomu kaNiels Bohr, ama-proton nama-neutron we-athomu akuyo i-nucleus, kuyilapho ama-electron ezungezile. Yize singeke sazi ukuthi ikuphi i-electron ngqo, kunezindawo lapho kutholakala khona kakhulu, ama-orbitals e-athomu. Futhi singanquma kanjani lawo ma-orbital? Kulula kakhulu, kusetshenziswa izinombolo ze-quantum.

izinombolo ze-quantum

Yiziphi izinombolo ze-quantum?

Kunezinombolo ze-4 ze-quantum. Abathathu babo basinikeza imininingwane yokuthi i-electron ye-athomu ethile ikuphi, okungukuthi, basinika imininingwane nge-orbital. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inombolo yesine ye-quantum ayisitsheli ukuthi ikuphi i-electron, kodwa kanjani. Ngabe awukacaci kahle ngalokhu? Kwenze!

  • Inombolo enkulu ye-quantum (n). Lizinga lokugcina lamandla lokugcwalisa futhi likhombise ubukhulu be-orbital ngakho-ke ibanga eliphakathi kwe-nucleus ne-electron. Kungani? Kulula kakhulu. Okukhudlwana i-orbital, lapho i-electron ingaqhubeka ivela ku-nucleus ye-athomu.
  • Inombolo ye-Azimuthal noma yesibili ye-quantum (l). Khombisa ukwakheka kwe-orbital.
  • Inombolo ye-Magnetic quantum (m). Ikhombisa ukuma kwe-orbital.
  • Spin inombolo ye-quantum (s). Tshela ukuthi iyiphi indlela ezungeza ngayo i-electron.

Kulula? Asihambe nento ebalulekile!

Zitholwa kanjani izinombolo ze-quantum

Ukuthola izinombolo ze-quantum kufanele ulandele izinyathelo ezi-2 ezilula:

  1. Bhala ukucushwa kwe-electron.
  2. Thola izinombolo ze-quantum kusuka kuma-elektroni ahlukile (eyokugcina egcwalisa i-orbital).

Ukumiswa kwe-elekthronikhi

Siqala ngesinyathelo 1, bhala ukucushwa kwe-electron. Kanjani? Kunezindlela ezimbili zokukwenza, ake sifike kukho!

Umdwebo weMoeller

Le ndlela ikhombisa ukuhleleka kokugcwaliswa kwama-orbitals ngomdwebo olandelayo:

umdwebo we-moeller

Lo mdwebo ulawulwa ngumthetho we-Aufbau, ovikela ukuthi ama-orbital agcwalisa ukwanda kwamandla, okungukuthi, i-orbital enamandla amancane izogcwalisa phambilini.

Ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi i-orbital enamandla amaningi, kwenziwa ukusebenza n + l. Uma lokhu kusebenza kwama-athomu amabili ahlukene kuphumela kunombolo efanayo, lowo onombolo yakhe engu-n ephakeme angaba namandla amaningi. Ngamanye amagama, uma kwenzeka kuthayi, lowo onenombolo ephansi kakhulu ugcwaliswa kuqala. Ake sikubone ngesibonelo:

4p: n + l -> 4 + 1 = 5

5s: n + l -> 5 + 0 = 5

Njengoba kukhona uthayi emthethweni we-n + l, ugcwalisa u-4p ngaphambili ngoba inombolo yakhe ingaphansi.

Isibonelo seKernel

Ukuthola ukumiswa kwe-elekthronikhi ngokulandela le modeli kufanele ulazi kahle ithebula lezikhathi ezithile. Uma sinenombolo ye-athomu nokuma kwento etafuleni, ucezu lekhekhe!

imodeli kernel

Le ndlela ibhekwa njengendlela elula njengoba ivumela ukungabhali ukucushwa okuphelele kwe-electron. Ngale ndlela, singabhala igama lesici segesi esihle ngenhla kubakaki, bese kuba indlela esukela kulelo gesi elihle liye entweni okukhulunywa ngayo. Ake sibheke isibonelo:Ngakho-ke, sizobhala i-trajectory sicubungule inani lesikhathi (irowu yethebula lezikhathi) kanye ne- "zone" futhi, uma ukucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi sekubhaliwe, sizokhipha izinombolo ze-quantum.

I-phosphor (P) izobhalwa kusuka kwigesi enhle engenhla, okungukuthi, i-Neon:

P -> [Ne] 3s23p3

Vele, kufanele uqaphele ngale ndlela, ngoba izingxenye d no-f ziyizindawo ezikhethekile. Njengoba senza uhambo, ku-zone d ngeke sibeke inani lesikhathi (irowu), kodwa inani lesikhathi kususwe elilodwa. Kwenzeka okufanayo ngendawo F, ngeke sibeke inani lesikhathi, kepha inani lesikhathi kususwe ezimbili. Uzoyiqonda kangcono ngezibonelo ezimbalwa:

Nb -> [Kr] 5s14d4

Yize kusesikhathini sesi-5, uma sisezoni d, sisusa u-1.

Nd -> [Xe] 6s24f14

Yize kusenkathini yesi-6, lapho sisezoni f, sisusa u-2.

Okuhlukile ekucushweni kwe-elekthronikhi

Ukucushwa kwe-electron kunezici ezimbalwa ezikhethekile okuthi, uma ungazazi, zingaholela kubahlinzeki bekhanda abakhulu. Kodwa ungasabalalisi ukwethuka! Sizokutshela!

IZoni F

UZone F uvela ezansi kwetafula lezikhathi ezithile, kepha empeleni "ushumekwe" esikhaleni esisibona esimhlophe, okungukuthi, phakathi kwezinto zokuqala nezesibili zemigqa emibili yokugcina yendawo D.

indawo f

Uyayibona? Ngalesi sizathu, kwesinye isikhathi, lapho kufanele sibhale ukumiswa kwe-elekthronikhi kwento ku-zone F, isibonelo, Nd, kuzofanele sibeke i-electron ku-zone D yezinga elihambisanayo ngokubhekisele kuleyo elementi ku-zone D leyo ngaphambi kokungena endaweni F.

Ce -> [Xe] 6s25d14f1

Iqembu 6 neqembu 11

Iqembu 6 nezinsimbi zenguquko zeqembu le-11 zinama-electron amane no-4 kumagobolondo abo okugcina, ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kube yinto ezinze kakhudlwana, i-s orbital iyajabula futhi ilahlekelwe i-electron, edlulela ku-orbital elandelayo, i-d. Ngale ndlela, i-orbital s izosala ne-electron; futhi d no-9, uma kuyinto yeqembu 5, noma nge-6, uma kuyinto yeqembu le-10.

Nasi isibonelo:

Ag -> [Kr] 5s24d9

Ngokusobala, lokhu kungaba ukucushwa kwesiliva kwe-electron (Ag). Kodwa-ke, ukulahlekelwa i-electron ku-s orbital, kubukeka kanjena:

Ag -> [Kr] 5s14d10

Kodwa-ke, kukhona okuhlukile kulo mthetho, njengeTungsten (iqembu 6), elisele nama-electron amabili ku-s orbital no-2 ku-d orbital.

Kepha ungakhathazeki! Okujwayelekile kakhulu (i-Cr, Cu, Ag ne-Au) bayalandela lo mthetho.

Uyakuthola? Kulungile. Yilokho kuphela okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokucushwa kwe-electron. Ake sihambe ngezinombolo ze-quantum!

Ungazithola kanjani izinombolo ze-quantum

Ukuze sithole izinombolo ze-quantum, kufanele sazi ukuthi mangaki ama-electron angena egobolondweni ngalinye le-orbital, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-electron amabili alingana ku-orbital.

  • Isendlalelo s. Ine-orbital eyodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke ingabamba ama-electron ama-2.

cape s

  • Isendlalelo p. Inama-orbital ama-3, ngakho-ke kukhona indawo yama-electron ayisithupha.

ungqimba p

  • Isendlalelo d. Inama-orbital ama-5, ngakho-ke ingabamba ama-electron ayi-10.

ungqimba d

  • Isendlalelo f. Inama-orbital ayi-7, okungukuthi, ingabamba ama-electron ayi-14.

ungqimba f

Manje njengoba uqonda ukuthi kukhona ama-electron amabili ku-orbital ngayinye, kufanele wazi umthetho kaHund. Lo mthetho uthi lapho ugcwalisa ama-orbital e-sublevel efanayo noma igobolondo, isibonelo, i-p shell, ama-electron agcwalisa i-orbital ohlangothini olulodwa (oluhle) bese kolunye (olubi). Ngabe ufuna ukuyibona ngesibonelo?

Uma sine-2p4, okungukuthi, i-2p orbital enama-electron amane, ngeke igcwalise kanjena:

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 1

Izogcwalisa kanjena:

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 2

Ingabe uyakuthola? Kuhle, ake sibone ukuthi singazibala kanjani izinombolo:

  • Inombolo ye-Quantum n. Le nombolo ihambisana nenombolo yezinga lokugcina lokumiswa kwe-electron. Isibonelo, uma ukucushwa kwe-electron kuphela ngo-4s2, inombolo eyinhloko ye-quantum izoba ngu-4.
  • Inombolo ye-Quantum l. Le nombolo incike kusendlalelo sokugcina esigcwalisiwe.
  • Isendlalelo s -> l = 0
  • Isendlalelo p -> l = 1
  • Isendlalelo d -> l = 2
  • Isendlalelo f -> l = 3
  • Inombolo ye-Quantum m. Inombolo m ingaba yinani eliphakathi kuka -l kuya + l, ngakho-ke kuzoya ngesisekelo lapho i-elektroni lokwehlukahluka likhona, okusho ukuthi, ingabe liyi-s, p, d noma f. Ungayibala kanjani le nombolo inzima kakhulu, ake siyibone ngemidwebo embalwa:
  • Isendlalelo s -> Njengoba sibonile, i-l ibiza u-0, ngakho-ke i-m ingabiza u-0 kuphela.
  • Isendlalelo p -> I l kufanele 1, ngakho-ke u-m angaba ngu -1, 0 noma 1.

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 3

  • Isendlalelo d -> I-l ngu-2, ngakho-ke i-m ingaba -2, -1, 0, 1 no-2.

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 4

  • Isendlalelo f -> l sinenani elingu-3, ​​ngakho-ke m angaba ngu -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 no-3.

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 5

Usuvele uyazi ukuthi ama-orbital agcwaliswa kanjani, ngakho-ke inani le-quantum m lizoba nenani lomgodi lapho kune-electron yokugcina edwetshiwe. Uyasikhumbula lesi sibonelo ngaphambili?:

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 6

Kulokhu, u-m uzoba -1, ngoba ku-p shell (ama-orbitals ama-3), uma kukhona ama-electron amane, owokugcina ukugcwalisa kungaba yi-negative yokuqala ye-orbital.

  • Inombolo ye-Quantum s. Izinombolo ze-quantum zingabiza u-½ no -½ kuphela. Uma i-electron yokugcina edwetshiwe ivuma, okungukuthi, umcibisholo uphezulu, ama-s azoba ngu-½. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-electron yokugcina yokugcwalisa i-orbital iyinegethivu, okungukuthi, umcibisholo ukhombe phansi, u-s uzoba -½.

Ukuzivocavoca nezibonelo

Yebo, sesivele sazi ukuthi konke lokhu ulwazi oluningi, kepha uzokuqonda kangcono ngezibonelo ezithile. Nazo-ke!

Isibonelo se-1

I-Selenium (Se) -> Inombolo ye-athomu: 34

  1. Sibhala ukumiswa kwe-electron. Sibhala ukumiswa kwe-electron ngokusho komdwebo weMoeller, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-s, p, d no-f orbitals anama-electron 2, 6, 10 no-14 ngokulandelana. Sibhala ukumiswa ngokungeza inani lama-electron, elibhalwe njenge-exponent.

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4

Njengoba i-orbital ye-4p ingagcwali, ngoba ama-electron azokwengeza afike ku-36, asibeki i-4p6kodwa 4p4.

  1. Sikhipha izinombolo ze-quantum. Ukuze senze lokhu, sibheka i-valence noma i-electron ehlukile, okungukuthi, i-electron yokugcina egcwalise i-orbital. Kulokhu, sizobheka i-4p4.
    • Inombolo enkulu ye-quantum. Izinga lamandla lokugcina ukugcwalisa bekungu-4.

n = 4

  • Inombolo yesibili yesilinganiso. Isigcini samandla sokugcina ukugcwalisa kwakuyi-p orbital.

l = 1

  • Inombolo ye-Magnetic quantum. Uma sidonsa ama-electron, owokugcina ukugcwalisa kuzoba i-orbital yokuqala yegobolondo le-p.

izibonelo izinombolo ze-quantum 7

m = -1

  • Spin inombolo ye-quantum. I-electron yokugcina ukusebenzisa i-p orbital inomcibisholo waphansi.

s = -½

Isibonelo se-2

Igolide (Au) -> [Xe] 6s14f145d10

  • Inombolo enkulu ye-quantum -> n = 5
  • Inombolo yesibili yesilinganiso -> l = 2
  • Inombolo ye-Magnetic quantum -> m = 2
  • Spin inombolo ye-quantum -> s = -½

Futhi yilokho kuphela! Manje sekuyithuba lakho, ungakwenza ukucushwa kwe-electron bese uthola izinombolo ze-quantum zezinto ezilandelayo?:

UCr (24), Rb (37), Br (35), Lu (71), Au (79)

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